Understanding Convergence and Divergence in Pak-Iran Relations

Abstract

This stdy analyzes the complex interplay of convergence and divergence in Iran–Pakistan relations through geopolitical, ideological, and strategic lenses. Iran and Pakistan, neighboring Muslim-majority states, share intertwined yet often conflicting interests shaped by sectarian identities, regional alliances, and global influences. This study employs qualitative analysis based on secondary sources and applies Realism, Constructivism, and Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) to interpret the bilateral dynamics. Findings indicate episodic cooperation in border security and energy (e.g., the Iran-Pakistan pipeline), driven by pragmatic needs. However, deep-seated mistrust, sectarian tensions, and conflicting external alignments—especially involving Saudi Arabia, the U.S., China, and India—perpetuate strategic divergence. To foster lasting convergence, the study recommends institutionalized dialogue, depoliticization of sectarian narratives, and multilateral frameworks. Sustainable diplomacy requires structural reforms and ideational shifts promoting trust and consistent cooperation.