A Conservation of Resources (COR) Perspective on Counterproductive Behavior: The Role of Incivility and Social Undermining

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of workplace incivility and social undermining on counterproductive work behavior (CWB) among faculty in public-sector universities of Quetta, Pakistan. Workplace mistreatment can deplete employees’ psychological resources and trigger harmful behaviors. In academia, such behaviors may impair teaching, research, and collegiality. Using the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study explores the link between social mistreatment and CWB. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 330 academic staff using validated scales. Proportionate stratified random sampling was applied. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression, with reliability and regression assumptions confirmed. Both workplace incivility (β = 0.356, p < 0.01) and social undermining (β = 0.361, p < 0.01) significantly predicted CWB, explaining 41% of its variance. Findings support COR theory, showing that persistent mistreatment drains resources, fostering retaliatory or withdrawal behaviors. Universities should adopt preventive policies, leadership training, and confidential reporting channels, alongside support systems to reduce mistreatment and its negative outcomes.